Izmir National University free essay sample

The case explains the process of introduction of INU, a Turkish University established in 2000. It aimed to assist the growth and development of areas related to economy, engineering, science, etc in Europe. Five years prior its opening, It reached 9300 students and projected to start off a new Business School. However, it faced several issues mainly: a shortage on faculty members (only 26 professors), inefficient screening selection processes and inconsistent administrative responsibilities. The new department Dean faced several issues towards guaranteeing the adequate development of this department upon his arriving and thus decided to brainstorm with its teaching staff. Perhaps the collected ideas did not help significantly, though they may assist him with his decision making in the near future. His biggest decision consists of whether continue growing (more students and staff) or guarantee quality of education (teaching and making research). Based on the main goal selected by INU, the following analysis has been made considering qualitative standards that would provide more significant outcomes in the long run. We will write a custom essay sample on Izmir National University or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Questions 1. What do the comments by the faculty tell you about INU’s strategy? The opinions expressed by faculty members differ completely and do not follow the same direction and criteria towards fulfilling INU’s strategy (teaching staff seems to be uninformed and unmotivated). There should be considered more Human Resources techniques in order to work with better standards and procedures. In fact, an HR department should be established. This one must be able to conduct efficient screening processes and training when hiring new teaching staff. Besides, it should work along the Business School, creating a better, solid and consistent curriculum. With that, some of the issues expressed by faculty members will reflect a similar pattern, opening more opportunities to enhance capabilities in the Business Program. 2. What would you recommend the Dean do regarding the Business School’s strategic planning process? What role would you recommend the Dean play in this process? The Dean should take into consideration 4 aspects in the management of the Business School. First, an extensive revision and modification of the main goals and curriculum must be executed. Constructing a SWOT analysis may help to understand the current department’s needs and challenges. The Business Department should be seen as a company which produces a unique product â€Å"students†, where the manufacturers â€Å"teachers† play an important role with its administrations and management (Dean/ department administrative). Second, the main target to be reach in the next 5 years should be decided. The business school must decide whether expansion (more enrollments) or quality of education should be the image of the school which will guarantee success in the future. Third, a team oriented philosophy must be carried out, delegating responsibilities at all times. The creation of a committee of professors should ensure the continued success of students, curriculum improvement and research. This will allow the Dean to foresee more activities for the department (exchange programs for students, partnership with other universities, funding expansion, etc) and also to be able to cope with his agenda. Finally, more ways of creating value for the department (perceived benefits/cost) should be a keyword. Perhaps the best way is to analyze the Business Department as a whole by studying factors such as: environment (other universities business programs, economy downturn, technology, etc), strategies (goals, core capabilities, knowledge, pleasant, and reliable), inputs (materials, equipment, faculty, etc) processes and control (seminars, workshops, conferences, business trips, etc). These factors may measure the final output, which can be seen on the quality of students graduating from the Business Department and the application of research. Productivity is defined as the ratio of output (including both goods and services) to the input used to produce it. How could the productivity of the Business School be measured? What would the effect be on productivity if the faculty all received a 10 percent raise but continued to teach the same number of classes and students? Based on focusing on qualitative standards rather than quantitative, we can consider: The number of hours taught by a professor and the number of students approved in a class at the end of a semester. The number of hours worked by a research student and the numbers of publications approved in one year. Managing successfully a 5% increase of the total student enrollment per year. The effect of productivity on the faculty receiving a 10 percent raise would be increased as long as they maintained qualitative procedures as their main priority. This means, not only compromising its faculty but also all staff areas to carry out their responsibilities towards students. In the long run, prestigious and trust would be automatically earned and therefore more opportunities can be foreseen.

The eNotes Blog 7 Texts That Will Make You the Family Intellectual This HolidaySeason

7 Texts That Will Make You the Family Intellectual This HolidaySeason Ah, the holidays: that season of cheer, giving, and proving to your relatives that you do, in fact, have your life together. One of the joys of the season is proving yourself smarter than the rest of your family, but how can you cement your position as the family intellectual? Simple: read some of the classics. Here’s a mixture of short stories, essays, plays, poetry, and literature that span from satire to tragedy. Best of all, you can find all of these and more on Owl Eyes. With these under your belt, you’re set to claim your place as the smartest of your siblings and cousins. Drop a quote into conversation at your leisure and wait for a flare of recognition in the eye of the nearest English major (or, possibly, a spark of alarm on the face of someone more plebeian). Whether you come away from the holidays with a reputation for a superior knowledge of literature or as the eccentric cousin, you’ve won. The Prince, Machiavelli This is the classic work on ways to acquire and maintain power. A fascinating treatise on cunning unchecked by moral scruples- Machiavelli’s means of manipulation are perhaps not ideal for, say, getting out of washing the dishes after dinner, but now you can sit patiently during Aunt Judy’s well-meaning monologue about how you should live your life while silently pondering your plans for world domination. â€Å"Since love and fear can hardly exist together, if we must choose between them, it is far safer to be feared than loved.† Use it when: Great Aunt Lynn asks, for the fifth time that weekend, why you’re single. Watch the look of alarm on your cousin’s face as he overhears. Smile innocently, offer him a cookie, and watch him wonder if it’s safe to eat. â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Jonathan Swift In this classic example of satire, which was published during Ireland’s food shortage in 1729, Swift argued that eating babies was the perfect solution. It might not be a good idea to bring this one up to your cousins with children. â€Å"A most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee, or a ragoust.† Use it when: Someone discusses meal prep. Slice one of Swift’s most famous lines in half and serve with a dark note of irony, disquieting your relatives for a reason they can’t quite place. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,† T.S. Eliot A melancholy monologue, Eliot’s poem explores the inner life of a deeply self-conscious man. Notable for its immersive sensory details and striking metaphors, the poem also contains lines guaranteed both to inspire and confuse relatives. â€Å"There will be time, there will be time To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet; There will be time to murder and create, And time for all the works and days of hands That lift and drop a question on your plate.† Use it when: Anyone mentions the future or how quickly time flies. A brief mention of murder ought to redirect the conversation nicely. Bonus: â€Å"I grow old I grow old I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled.† Use it: In response to overenthusiastic third cousins twice-removed who haven’t seen you since you were a baby and are now exclaiming at how much you’ve grown. Oedipus Rex, Sophocles A disquieting story of irony and tragedy, essential to any lover of the classics. Name-drop Sophocles during any conversation to make yourself look impressive. â€Å"Fear? What has a man to do with fear? Chance rules our lives, and the future is all unknown. Best live as we may, from day to day.† Use it when: Giving a toast at dinner. Watch as tears are discreetly patted away with napkins. The Importance of Being Earnest, Oscar Wilde A masterpiece of satire, Oscar Wilde’s best-known play is a gold mine of sarcasm and absurdity. Pull a random quote out of this book, toss it at your relatives, and watch their faces contort as they try to decide if you’re kidding. â€Å"If I am occasionally a little over-dressed, I make up for it by being always immensely over-educated.† Use it when: You suddenly realize that no one dresses up for family dinners and that, therefore, your formal clothing is a bit overkill. Bonus: â€Å"I hope you have not been leading a double life, pretending to be wicked and being good all the time.† â€Å"Self-Reliance,† Ralph Waldo Emerson A transcendentalist manifesto, â€Å"Self-Reliance† argues in favor of independence and self-sufficiency. Quote it to disprove those tired Millennial stereotypes. â€Å"Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string.† Use it when: Arguing philosophy and politics at the dinner table. If those in the know scoff because of the quote’s fame, throw the following suitably-obscure quote at them. Bonus for hipsters: â€Å"Is it so bad, then, to be misunderstood? Pythagoras was misunderstood, and Socrates, and Jesus, and Luther, and Copernicus, and Galileo, and Newton, and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh. To be great is to be misunderstood.† Use it when: You fall on the losing side of an argument. Keep your head held high- they only need to get away from society’s convictions. Additional quote: â€Å"The great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.† Use it when: Grandpa nags you about being on your phone during appetizers and not socializing. Social media is the sweetest form of solitude, after all. The Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka Absurd and surreal, The Metamorphosis begins with Gregor Samsa awakening to discover that he has become a giant insect. Mention it and witness the accompanying shudder of revulsion: whether at the ambiguity of the text or the notion of transforming into an insect, you’ll soon find out. â€Å"Could I be less sensitive now?† Use it when: Someone inevitably turns on an episode of Friends while dinner is cooking. Stress the words just like Chander does (â€Å"Could I be less sensitive now?†) and laugh along with everybody as they congratulate you on your impression of him. Catch the eye of someone who knows better and weep internally.

Optimize Your Resume for an 8-Second Skim

Optimize Your Resume for an 8-Second Skim You’ve put all this time and effort into your resume. It reads like a perfectly crafted, grammatically perfect dream from the header to the footer. Trouble is, most recruiters and hiring managers will spend approximately 8 seconds perusing your treasured document. The trick is figuring out- in addition to making a quality document through and through- how to make sure whoever glances at your resume gets a great impression, and quickly. Here are a few tips for how to pass the dreaded 8-second skim test.Use keywords like a pro.Load that baby up with as many choice keywords as you can. You better believe the recruiter is spending most of those 8 seconds skimming for precisely those words that matter most to their search. Make it easy for them. Don’t forget to pepper in specific technical skills and knowledge set phrases particular to the job description.Lead with your  best.When you’re bulleting your accomplishments, make sure to put the most impressive ones at th e top of your list. Imagine a recruiter reading only one bullet per section! Make that bullet count.Make smart formatting choices.Looks are almost as important as content. Don’t make your print smaller than size 11, or you’ll make your recruiter spend valuable seconds squinting at your document. And keep everything in the same font/size. Align your text to the left and your dates to the right. Don’t justify so you avoid any unsightly gaps. Bold either your roles or the companies you’ve worked for to make them more eye-catching. And remember: using all CAPS makes text harder to read. Be consistent with your formatting for an easy read.Keep it brief.Keep your bullets short and sweet. Make your language hyper-economical. Remember that skimmers are likely to read the first 5 words of every sentence or bullet. Put the full force of your attention there. Use numeric digits instead of spelling out numbers- it’s more eye catching and saves space.Leave a li ttle blank.Any art student will tell you that a little negative space can affect the way we look at things. Don’t be afraid of a little blank white space. It will help your text to flow.Create  a skills box.Yes, you’ve detailed all or most of these skills in separate subsections anyway, but it never hurts to recap them in a skills box to help the recruiter extract the right information and walk away with what you need them to know.Make a  top heavy document.Some readers won’t skim the whole document but will concentrate their skimming on the top half. Make sure all your biggest achievements and fanciest skills or experience are detailed there. Save the bottom half for the older or less impressive content.

Critically discuss the role of an HRD manager in promoting Essay

Critically discuss the role of an HRD manager in promoting organizational competitiveness within a slowly recovering economy - Essay Example or a change and development among the organisational structure is mostly identified when the job performances of employees are not meeting the standards of the organisation. To be more precise, when the performances of the two groups working under same conditions do not produce the same outcomes, then the HRD manager has to step in the role for enhancing the employees’ performance. Career management and development, socialization and orientation, coaching and performance management are among the few factors that the HRD manager’s roles are surrounded with. It is therefore, necessary to identify the appropriate time to assist the management for developing organisational competitiveness. Thus, the objective of the paper is to identify the different roles played by the HRD manager, both necessary and unnecessary, which at times play a vital part upon organisational performance. HR professionals must build up vast competencies which will benefit them for functioning of their tasks to deal with the changes in the organisations. They should ensure that flexibility and effective communication must be a part of their role which will allow them to adapt to situations quickly. Thus, the roles of HR managers are based on few factors which are discussed below. According to Maanen & Schein (1979), procedure of socialisation engages the transmission of information as well as values which are essentially cultural matters. Furthermore, they added that an organisational culture consists of rules and values that are different within various organisations. The culture of the organisation is mostly dependent on few factors such as, how members relate to colleagues, subordinates, superiors and outsiders, which are conveyed to the new employees by the HR managers. The HR should communicate to the newly employed behavioural environment that prevails within the organisation. Additionally, orientation of employees is the basic facet cited by the HR manager, before any simplest role

Does Technology Make a difference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Does Technology Make a difference - Essay Example Currently, communication has become a massive industry owing to technological advancements. Technological advancements have increased the communication speed immensely. Additionally, it has enabled diversification of the communication sector. Therefore, the communication sector has countless facets. Communication serves a catalyst of other industries. The advancements in communication have necessitated changes in business practises. Acquisition of technology comes at a cost. It is vital to appraise the benefits that will come up from the acquisition of technology in an entity against the resource out flows. In some situations, it will demand setting-up of infrastructure. This comes at a significant cost. Additionally, organizations will require to retraining employees due to advancements in technology. The advancement in technology may also render sections of employees redundant. This would have cost implications on the entity as it pays benefits to the retrenched workers and hires a dditional personnel suited for the new technology. Alternatively, entities may opt to retrain the employees to avoid disruption in the entity (Shoniregun, 2005). Technology has countless benefits. As such, organizations can access many databases that contain vital information. Managers can utilize such information to enable decision-making in entities. Therefore, technology facilitates informed decision making in organizations. This has reduced losses incurred by countless entities. Technology has consequently transformed management radically. Thus, flow of information in organizations has become critical. Technology has enabled faster distribution of information to the workforce. This has enabled increased production in most sectors. Technology has not only increased production through swift flow of information by eliminating inefficiencies. Technology has changed industrial production massively. Introduction of

Home Appliances Control Using RF

Home Appliances Control Using RF The project HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL USING RF is an alternate of the job done by human like switch on/off by hand. Here job of doing on/off can be done by from a distance by help of remote. The ckt. Consists of four parts. These are listed below:- Power supply of 5v and 9v:- it consist of ic 7805,7809 , two transformer, capacitors and diode. Microcontroller:- it consists of m/c AT89S52 , reset ckt. RF module:- It consists of ic HT-12D AND HT-12E relay part:- two ralays, two diode,two bulbs ref.(1) HISTORY In this rf based project our data to control home appliance is send from remote to control them, here user only have to press the switch of remote. In other words, one could remotely turn on light in ones lawn or the air conditioning at home, or turn on/off the light of room by help of remote sitting at one palace in home, The operation cost and power required is also less. METHODOLOGY In this project our signal is transmitted through air from RF transmitter to RF receiver, which decoded the signal received, now decoded signal is send by 4 line to microcontroller. Microcontroller do the work on received data according to programming, which will turn on/off the relays, then bulbs are also on/off. BLOCK DIAGRAM Fig.1 Ref(5) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig. 2 Ref(5) Fig. 3 Ref.(5) WORKING There are two power supplies one of 5v and second of 9v. Power supplies are made by bridge wave rectifier. For making 5v supply we use 4doide, one capacitor of 470 micro F, ic regulator 7805, similarly the second power supply. 5v supply is given to AT89S52 and 9V to operate the relay. Firstly the rf signal is generated by ic HT-12E and transmitted through air by help of rf transmitter module, the received data is now decoded by rf ic HT-12D and send to microcontroller to work on it. Some connections are made be ready the functioning of both ics. When signal is decoded by ic HT-12D it gives output by its pin no. 10 to 13. These output lines feed to m/c to pin no. 10 to 13 to make the m/c in action some connection are made as shown in fig of ckt.(Reset ckt. At pin no. 9, oscillator of value 11.0592 at pin no. 18 and 19 and power at pin no 40) Now, button of remote is pressed by user then m/c do low or high to the pin no p2.0 and p2.1 output line from m/c connected to TIP 122 base. These are high power transistor whose base is connected to to pin no p2.0 and p2.1 of m/c through resistance. If high power is given to TIP than it will be on due to which the relay make the connection between 3 and 4, and bulb be on. If low is at base of TIP then TIP will not work and connection of relay will be 3 and 4 due to which bulb be off. So we can do on/off the home appliance by help of remote. In our project one bulb be on by pressing button 1, second by help of 2, both will be on by button no. 3. And both will be offed by button no. 4. Ref.(6) APPLICATION By using home appliance control using rf we can control all the electrical devices of a home with the help of remote. We can on/off the devices by a distance. With the help of this concept we can make a robotic hand to handle the objects which a far away from us. With this we can also design car whose motion can be controlled by a remote. For a specific movement of car we will define a specific command for forward movement we will press button no. 1 for backward button no. 2 for left by help of button no. 3 and right by button by help of button no. 4 Other applications Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems Ref(5) PROBLEMS While controlling home appliances using RF we have to face some following problems:- We have used it to a particular range abt. of some meters not in range of kilometer or more distance. If m/c hanged we want to do on/off the switch then we are not confirmed abt. its on/off states. CONCLUSION This project is very useful for electricity saving purpose. Because we can do on/off the switch very quickly, otherwise due to laziness we avoid to on/off them. Project can easily be used by any one because to use this project one should not need to learn any special things and this project is very economical due to its simple circuit and by use of cheap components. COMPONENTS LIST Serial no. Component Specifications Quantity 1 Transformer 1amp,12v 1 2 Regulator7805 1 3 Regulator 1 4 Transformer 1amp,9v 1 5 TIP 122 2 6 Diodes IN 4001N 8 7 RELAY 2 8 MICROCONTROLLER AT 89S52 1 9 HT-12D 1 10 HT-12E 1 COMPONENT DETAILS MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:- Fig. 4 ref(3) The Intel AT89S52 is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (ÂÂ µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with AT89S52-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies, Maxim Integrated Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips Semiconductor), Winbond, ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal), Texas Instruments and Cypress Semiconductor. Intels official designation for the AT89S52 family of ÂÂ µCs is MCS 51. Intels original AT89S52 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name, e.g. 80C51, used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS predecessors this made them eminently more suitable for battery-powered devices Important features and applications:- It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in a single package 8-bit data bus It can access 8 bits of data in one operation (hence it is an 8-bit microcontroller) 16-bit address bus It can access 216 memory locations 64 kB each of RAM and ROM On-chip RAM 128 bytes (Data Memory) On-chip ROM 4 kB (Program Memory) Four byte bi-directional input/output port UART (serial port) Two 16-bit timers Two-level interrupt priority Power saving mode A particularly useful feature of the AT89S52 core is the inclusion of a boolean processing engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on internal registers and RAM. This feature helped to cement the 8051s popularity in industrial control applications. Another valued feature is that it has four separate register sets, which can be used to greatly reduce interrupt latency compared to the more common method of storing interrupt context on a stack. The AT89S52UART an be configured to use a 9th data bit that can provide addressable communications in an RS-485 multi-point communications environment. AT89S52 based microcontrollers typically include one or two UARTs, two or three timers, 128 or 256 bytes of internal data RAM (16 bytes of which are bit addressable), up to 128 bytes of I/O, 512 bytes to 64 kB of internal program memory, and sometimes a quantity of extended data RAM(ERAM) located in the external data space. The original AT89S52 core ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, with most instructions executing in one or two machine cycles. With a 12 MHz clock frequency, the AT89S52 could thus execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second or 500,000 two-cycle instructions per second. Enhanced 8051 cores are now commonly used which run at six, four, two, or even one clock per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 100 MHz, and are thus capable of an even greater number of instructions per second. All SILabs, some Dallas and a few Atmel devices have single cycle cores. Even higher speed single cycle 8051 cores, in the range 130 MHz to 150 MHz, are now available in internet downloadable form for use in programmable logic devices such as FPGAs, and at many hundreds of MHz in ASICs, for example the net list from www.e8051.com. Common features included in modern 8051 based microcontrollers include built-in reset timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable Flash ROM program memory, boot loader code in ROM, EEPROM non-volatile data storage, IÂÂ ²C, SPI, and USB host interfaces, PWM generators, analog comparators, A/D and D/A converters, RTCs, extra counters and timers, in-circuit debugging facilities, more interrupt sources, and extra power saving modes. Ref(3) PIN DIAGRAM:- Fig. 5 ref(3) Pins 1-8: Port 1 Each of these pins can be configured as input or output. Pin 9: RS Logical one on this pin stops microcontrollers operating and erases the contents of most registers. By applying logical zero to this pin, the program starts execution from the beginning. In other words, a positive voltage pulse on this pin resets the microcontroller. Pins10-17: Port 3 Similar to port 1, each of these pins can serve as universal input or output . Besides, all of them have alternative functions: Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous communication output. Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous communication clock output. Pin 12: INT0 Interrupt 0 input Pin 13: INT1 Interrupt 1 input Pin 14: T0 Counter 0 clock input Pin 15: T1 Counter 1 clock input Pin 16: WR Signal for writing to external (additional) RAM Pin 17: RD Signal for reading from external RAM Pin 18, 19: X2, X1 Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which determines operating frequency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of quartz crystal, the miniature ceramics resonators can be also used for frequency stabilization. Later versions of the microcontrollers operate at a frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz. Pin 20: GND Ground Pin 21-28: Port 2 If there is no intention to use external memory then these port pins are configured as universal inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used then the higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port. It is important to know that even memory with capacity of 64Kb is not used ( i.e. note all bits on port are used for memory addressing) the rest of bits are not available as inputs or outputs. Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing program then it has a logic-0 value every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory. Pin 30: ALE Prior to each reading from external memory, the microcontroller will set the lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and immediately after that activates the output ALE. Upon receiving signal from the ALE pin, the external register (74HCT373 or 74HCT375 circuit is usually embedded ) memorizes the state of P0 and uses it as an address for memory chip. In the second part of the microcontrollers machine cycle, a signal on this pin stops being emitted and P0 is used now for data transmission (Data Bus). In this way, by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit, data multiplexing from the port is performed. This port at the same time used for data and address transmission. Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. That means that even there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed, the program written to external ROM will be used instead. Otherwise, by applying logic one to the EA pin, the microcontroller will use both memories, first internal and afterwards external (if it exists), up to end of address space. Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to port 2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used as universal inputs or outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address output (A0-A7) when the ALE pin is at high level (1) and as data output (Data Bus), when logic zero (0) is applied to the ALE pin. Pin 40: VCC Power supply +5V Ref(4) REGULATOR(7805):- 7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports an input voltage of 7 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It typically has a current rating of 1 amp although both higher and lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805 also have a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. The 7805 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot. It belongs to a family of three-terminal positive fixed regulators with similar specifications and differing fixed voltages from 8 to 15 volts. The last two digits represent the voltage; for instance, the 7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The 78xx series of regulators is designed to work in complement with the 79xx series of negative voltage regulators in systems that provide both positive and negative regulated voltages, since the 78xx series cant regulate negative voltages in such a system. The 7805 is one of the most common and well known of the 78xx series regulators, as its small component count and medium-power regulated 5V make it useful for powering TTL. Fig.6 Ref(5) REFERENCES Search Enginewww.google.com. Data Sheets from www.alldatasheet.com Article on Password Based Security System on www.8051projectinfo.com Data Sheet of Microcontroller from www.atmel .com Article on Password based security system from Wikipedia. Text Book on 8051 Microcontroller (Mazidi) Text book on 8051 Microcontroller(Kenneth J. Ayala)

Chemistry Form 4 Essay

INTRODUCTION All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to human kind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves. Chapter 9 of Form 4 syllabus introduces the students with manufactured substances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of chemistry that is still new for themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is an interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. It also gives me new knowledges of the uses of chemical substances that I usually found in the laboratories. I hope, by learning this chapter, I will be more interested in learning chemistry as it will help me in the future. All the equations from this chapter make me more understand of the previous chapters. OBJECTIVES * Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid. * Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts. * Understand alloys. * Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer. * Apply the uses of glass and ceramics. * Evaluate the uses of composite materials. * Appreciate various synthetic industrial materials. ALLOYS ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN PURE METAL * Pure metal is soft and not very strong. * Atoms of pure metals have similar size and shape and are arranged closely but there is still space between the atoms. * When force is applied to pure metals, the atoms slide along one another easily. * This property causes pure metal to be ductile, that is, it can be stretched into a wire. * When knocked or hammered, metal atoms slide along one another to fill spaces between the metal atoms. * This property causes pure metal to be malleable, that is, it can be knocked or pressed into various desired shapes. MEANING OF ALLOYS * An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals mixed in a certain percentage. OR * An alloy is a substance formed from a mixture of metal and other elements. OR * An alloy is a solid solution that contains at least one metal. Most often an alloy will contain only two or more metals, but some alloys contain one or more metals along with a non-metal. * A foreign atom (impurity atom) may be atoms of other metals or non-metals such as carbon and silicon. * The process of mixing atoms of impurities with atoms of pure metal by melting is called alloying. PURPOSES OF MAKING ALLOYS Alloys are made to * Increase the strength and hardness of the metal * Prevent corrosion of the metal * Improve the appearance of the metal so that it is more attractive. ALLOY| PURE METAL ATOM| MAIN FOREIGN ATOM| STEEL| 99% IRON| 1% CARBON| STAINLESS STEEL| 74% IRON| 18% CHROMIUM,8% CARBON| BRONZE| 90% COPPER| 10% TIN| BRASS| 70% COPPER| 30% ZINC| PEWTER| 97% TIN| 2% COPPER1% ANTIMONY| DURALUMIN| 93% ALUMINIUM| 3% COPPER3% MAGNESIUM1% MANGANESE| COPPER NICKEL| 75% COPPER| 25% NICKEL| ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN ALLOYS * Impurity atoms which are mixed may be larger or smaller than atoms of pure metal. * Impurity atoms fill the empy spaces between the atoms in pure metal. * Impurity atoms can prevent the layers of metal atoms from sliding along one another easily. * Due to this, an alloy is harder, stronger, less ductile and less malleable than its pure metal. EXPERIMENT TO COMPARE THE HARDNESS OF AN ALLOY AND A PURE METAL EXPERIMENT TO COMPARE RATE OF RUSTING BETWEEN IRON, STEEL & STAINLESS STEEL SOME EXAMPLES OF ALLOYS, ITS COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND ITS USES ALLOYS| COMPOSITION| PROPERTIES| USES OF ALLOYS| CARBON STEEL| 99% IRON1% CARBON| HARDSTRONG| * FRAMEWORK OF BUILDINGS & BRIDGES * FRAMEWORK OF HEAVY MACHINERY & BODY OF VEHICLES| STAINLESS STEEL| 74% IRON18% CHROMIUM8% NICKEL| SHINYSTRONGRESIST RUSTING| * MAKING CUTTLERY & KITCHEN WARE| MAGNALIUM| 70% ALUMINIUM30% MAGNESIUM| LIGHTHARDSTRONG| * MAKING AIRCRAFTS| PEWTER| 97% TIN3% COPPER, ANTIMONY| LUSTROUSSTRONG| * MAKING MUGS, CANDLE STICK & SOUVENIERS| SOLDER| 50% TIN50% LEAD| HARDSHINYLOW MELTING POINT| * MAKING OF SOLDER FOR ELECTRICAL WIRES| CUPRO-NICKEL| COPPER, NICKEL.% ACCORDING TO COLOUR| HARDSHINYRESIST CORROSION| * MAKING COINS| POLYMERS MEANING OF POLYMERS * Polymers are long chains of molecule made from combinations of many small molecules. OR * Polymers can be defined as large molecules composed  of numerous smaller, repeating units known as monomers which are joined by covalent bonds. * Small molecules that combine to form polymers are called monomers. * Polymerisation is a process of combining monomers to form a long chain of molecules. polymerisation polymer monomer * Polymers can be divided into two types: a) Natural polymer b) Synthetic polymer NATURAL POLYMER * A natural polymer is a polymer that occurs naturally. * Natural polymers are normally made by living organisms. NATURAL POLYMER| MONOMERS ( small molecules )| RUBBER| ISOPRENE| CELLULOSE| GLUCOSE| STARCH| GLUCOSE| PROTEIN| AMINO ACID| NUCLEIC ACID| NUCLEOTIDES| SYNTHETIC POLYMERS * Synthetic (artificial) polymers are man-made polymers that are produced from chemical compounds through polymerization. * Synthetic polymers are used widely in daily life. * Some examples of synthetic polymer and their monomer and their uses. TYPES OF POLYMER| MONOMER| USES| POLYTHENE| ETHENE| * MAKE BUCKETS, PLASTIC BAGS, RAINCOATS, FILMS, BOWLS & RUBBISH BINS.| POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)| CHLOROETHENE ( Vinyl Chloride )| * MAKE WATER PIPES, ELECTRIC CABLES, MATS, VINYL RECORDS & CLOTHES HANGERS| POLYPROPENE| PROPENE| * MAKE ROPES, BOTTLES, CHAIRS, DRINK CANS & CARPETS| PERSPEX| METHYL-2-METHYLPROPENOATE( Methyl methacrylate )| * MAKE CAR WINDSCREENS, AIRPLANE WINDOW PANES & SPECTACLE LENSES (optical instruments)| NYLON| ADIPIC ACID & HEXANEDIAMINE| * MAKE ROPES, CURTAINS, STOKINGS & CLOTHES| POLYSTYRENE| STYRENE| * MAKE PACKING BOXES, BUTTONS & NOTICEBOARDS| EFFECTS OF THE DISPOSAL OF ITEMS MADE FROM SYNTHETIC POLYMERS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Synthetic polymers are not biodegradable (not decomposed by microorganisms ). 2. The careless disposal of items made from synthetic polymers such as plastic causes environmental pollution. 3. The effects of burning & careless disposal of items made from synthetic polymers on the environments are as follows: a) Burning of synthetic polymers * Releases pollutants that endanger health such as smoke, gases that are smelly, poisonous & corrosive such as sulphur dioxide, pollutants that cause acid rain & the greenhouse effect. b) Careless disposal of synthetic polymers * Spoils the beauty of the environment * Causes flash floods during heavy rainfall * Endangers marine life like turtles that accidentally eat polymers such as plastic as its food. 4. The best way to manage used items made from synthetic polymers is to recycle them. 5. Plastics that are biodegradable can be used instead to reduce environmental pollution. GLASS AND CERAMICS * The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2, which is obtained from sand. * Both glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow a) Hard and brittle b) Inert to chemical reactions c) Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity d) Withstand compression but not stretching e) Can be easily cleaned f) Low cost of production * 3 main differences between glass and ceramic: * Glass can be heated until molten repeatedly but not ceramics * Glass is usually transparent whereas ceramics are not * Glass has a lower melting point than ceramics USES OF GLASS USES OF CERAMIC TYPES OF GLASS a) FUSED SILICA GLASS b) SODA-LIME GLASS c) BOROSILICATE GLASS d) LEAD CRYSTAL GLASS COMPOSITE MATERIALS * Composite materials are produced from the combination of two or more different compounds such as alloys, metals, glass, polymers & ceramics. * The characteristics of the produced material are much more superior than those original components. * Several examples of composite materials & their uses are : a) Reinforced concrete * Made from a mixture of cement, gravel, sand, water, iron or steel to produce nets, rods or bars. * Strong, high tensile strength & cheap * Construction material for buildings, bridges, highways & dams b) Fibre glass * Made from silica, SiO2, sodium carbonate, Na2Co3, and calcium carbonate, CaCo3 * Good insulator of heat & electricity * Used to make protective apparel for astronauts & firefighters. c) Fibre optics * Made from glass, copper & aluminium * Enables information to be transmitted in light form at high speeds (speed of light) * Used in the field of communications to make electrical cables and in the field of medicine to observe internal organs without performing surgery. d) Ceramic glass * Produced by exposing glass that contains certain amount of metals to ultraviolet rays & heating it at high temperatures. * Withstand heat * Used to make cooking materials & rocket heads e) Photochromic glass * Produced from molten silica that is mixed with a little silver chloride, AgCl * Dark in colour when exposed to bright light ( ultraviolet ray ) & bright when in the dark. * Used to make opticl lenses & glass windows (windshields) of certain vehicles. Comparing the Properties of Fiber Glass with its original components The process of making glass and fiberglass Most glass is a mixture of a substantial amount of silica that derived from fine white sand or pulverized sandstone, combined with smaller amounts of an alkali like soda (sodium bicarbonate) or potash to decrease its melting point, and lime (from limestone) to help stabilize the mixture and eventually make the glass vigorous and water-resistant Whereas At the most basic level, a strand, or fiber, of glass, can be formed by  taking molten glass (made by melting silica sand, limestone, and soda ash, along with recycled glass) and forcing it through a small hole. Commercial fiberglass production engages a platinum bushing with up to three thousand holes in it, creating three thousand fibers at a time. Even though glass is brittle, these fibers are pretty flexible, because they are so thin. Advantage of using Photochromic glass in the making of spectacles Photochromatic lenses are activated by UV radiation. Thus it will darken up the glasses so that it can prevent our eyes from direct lights which leads to retinal damages or Photophobia. Other than that , Photochromic lenses are great for those that wear eyeglasses, who can not wear sunglasses unless they are prescription. With photochromic lenses, we can carry just one pair of sunglasses or goggles for all day and even night REFERENCE * http://www.chemistrymodule.blogspot.com/ * http://www.ehow.com/facts_5727690_meaning-alloy_.html#ixzz2VQ7Mc4k3 http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=fused+silica+glass&view=detail&id=2D0945BBDD1229AD3B5B4C431D552902CB8C2FB4&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR http://chem2u.blogspot.com/